Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And...

There are many different kinds of cells, but the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryotic kingdom (the bacteria) and those of the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both believed to have originated from LUCA, the last universal common ancestor (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, and do not consist of a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles. (Klitou,2012). Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more complicated eukaryotic cells came, through the process of evolution. According to the symbiotic association hypothesis, it states that the eukaryotic kingdom was developed when ancient anaerobic hosts where engulfed which then developed into the first organelles producing energy (Vellai, Vida, 1999). Moreover prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have many similarities but also differen ces. The differences categorize cells under prokaryotes or eukaryotes and thus determine the functions and process the cell can undertake. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both composed of cells. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic material either in the nucleus, in eukaryotes, or in a coiled loop in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid, in prokaryotes. All cells reproduce in order to increase in number, therefore as a result of replication, during the interphase stage, transcriptionShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells1563 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst to divide cells into either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are typically larger and include protists, plants, fungi and animal cells. They are described as ‘a type of cell with membrane-enclosed organelles and membrane-enclosed nucleus’ (Cain et al, 2014, p171). A typically smaller prokaryotic cell ‘lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles’; this term includes the domains of bacteria and Archaea (Cain et al, 2014, p171). Prokaryotic cells evolved earlierRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells1572 Words   |  7 PagesDictionaries is a cell in which DNA is arranged in chromosomes that are â€Å"contained within a distinct nucleus†. The name prokaryotes is also defined by the Oxford dictionary as an organism that does not contain a ‘distinct nucleus with a membrane’. These two terms highlighted a very important difference between the two cells; eukaryotic cells had a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane but the prokaryotes did not. The following essay seeks to compare and contrast typical prokaryotic cells to typical eukaryoticRead MoreThe Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pageswill outline the division between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and explore the reasoning behind such differences with regard to general structure, storage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its replication, metabolic processes, protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid (RNA) processing. The cell is the most basic unit of life, defined as â€Å"The fundamental ... structural and functional unit of all living organisms† (Oxford University Press, 2008). The prokaryotic cell is typically composed ofRead MoreProkaryotic Cells Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesProkaryotic Cells All living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest units that can be alive. Life on Earth is classified into five kingdoms, and they each have their own characteristic kind of cell. However the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryote kingdom (monera, the bacteria) and those of the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryoticRead MoreBiology Lesson Plan Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes663 Words   |  3 PagesA Semi-Detailed Lesson Plan in BIOLOGY Date: January 22, 2013 Time: 7:30-8:30 Section: BSEd-2B I. Objective(s) At the end of the 60-minute period, at least 75% of the student’s should be able to: 1. Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells. II. Subject Matter a. Topic: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes b. References: b.1. Department of Education. 2002. Operations Handbook in Biology: 2002 Basic Education Curriculum Secondary Level. II. 1. 1.4. b.2. Department of EducationRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Theory Of Endosymbiosis And It s Supporting Evidence1641 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The endosymbiotic theory is an evolutionary theory explaining the origin of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic, and is at present; the most widely accepted evolutionary theory of the Eukaryotic cell. The theory explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts and their double membranes, suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria represent formerly free-living bacteria that were taken into a cell as an endosymbiont. Molecular evidence suggests that mitochondria developed from proteobacteriaRead MoreBiology : Cell Structure And Function1305 Words   |  6 PagesYour Full Name: UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 3: Cell Structure and Function INSTRUCTIONS: †¢ On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 3Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus). †¢ To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answeringRead MoreDna And The Creation And Proper Functioning Of Every Living Organism919 Words   |  4 Pagesprovided for each cell that divides. Each cell’s responsibility is coordinated by the piece of DNA and thus, makes it a very valuable part of the cell and organism. So what are the methods of replicating DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? DNA replication in prokaryotes consists of several enzymes and proteins which are responsible for different tasks, but together make the process seem effortless. DNA replication in eukaryotes is similar, but more complicated given that eukaryotic chromosomes areRead MoreDifferences Between Eukaryotes And Eukaryotes850 Words   |  4 PagesAll living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic buildin g blocks for all units of life and can be characterised into two distinct types: Eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the oldest and most primitive forms of life and can be distinguished from eukaryotes as they lack a distinct nucleus. Prokaryotes can be further classified into two domains: bacteria and archaea. Together, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes make up what is known as ‘The three domains of life† which divides allRead MoreReproduction, Symbiosis, And Eukaryotic Cell Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesMartyrs Ferrahian High School Reproduction, Symbiosis, and the Eukaryotic Cell Research Paper Aram Kazorian AP Biology Mrs. Lee 18 October, 2016 The research that was conducted had the specific purpose of addressing questions on topics of individuality, reproduction, symbiotic relationships, all based around the idea of endosymbionts and the endosymbiotic theory with the eukaryotic cell. Symbiosis are the relationships between organisms that can either harm or benefit themselves. And the Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And... Edouard Chatton (cities in Soyer- Gobillard, 2006) in 1925, was first to divide cells into either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are typically larger and include protists, plants, fungi and animal cells. They are described as ‘a type of cell with membrane-enclosed organelles and membrane-enclosed nucleus’ (Cain et al, 2014, p171). A typically smaller prokaryotic cell ‘lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles’; this term includes the domains of bacteria and Archaea (Cain et al, 2014, p171). Prokaryotic cells evolved earlier than Eukaryotic cells this is shown by the fact that Prokaryotic means ‘before nucleus’, this earlier evolution resulted in many differences seen between these cell types (Cain et al, 2014, p172), such as different organisation within the cell. However because all cells are thought to have evolved from a Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) (Heaphy, S, 2015) similarities between these cells are also seen such as ribosomes, however further difference can be found within these similarities. Some of these key differences can be seen in the figures below. Figure 1: A typical prokaryotic cell. Left is a diagram of typical prokaryotic bacteria with subcellular structures labelled. Right is an electron microscope of a prokaryotic cell (Taken from Bevington, A, 2015) Figure 2: A typical eukaryotic cell. A diagram of typical eukaryotic animal cell with subcellular structures labelled (Taken from Bevington, A, 2015).Show MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells1293 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different kinds of cells, but the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryotic kingdom (the bacteria) and those of the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both believed to have originated from LUCA, the last universal common ancestor (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, and do not consist of a nucleus or any membrane-bound organellesRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells1572 Words   |  7 PagesDictionaries is a cell in which DNA is arranged in chromosomes that are â€Å"contained within a distinct nucleus† . The name prokaryotes is also defined by the Oxford dictionary as an organism that does not contain a ‘distinct nucleus with a membrane’. These two terms highlighted a very important difference between the two cells; eukaryotic cells had a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane but the prokaryotes did not. The following essay seeks to compare and contrast typical prokaryotic cells to typical eukaryoticRead MoreThe Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pageswill outline the division between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and explore the reasoning behind such differences with regard to general structure, storage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its replication, metabolic processes, protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid (RNA) processing. The cell is the most basic unit of life, defined as â€Å"The fundamental ... structural and functional unit of all living organisms† (Oxford University Press, 2008). The prokaryotic cell is typically composed ofRead MoreProkaryotic Cells Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesProkaryotic Cells All living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest units that can be alive. Life on Earth is classified into five kingdoms, and they each have their own characteristic kind of cell. However the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryote kingdom (monera, the bacteria) and those of the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryoticRead MoreBiology Lesson Plan Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes663 Words   |  3 PagesA Semi-Detailed Lesson Plan in BIOLOGY Date: January 22, 2013 Time: 7:30-8:30 Section: BSEd-2B I. Objective(s) At the end of the 60-minute period, at least 75% of the student’s should be able to: 1. Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells. II. Subject Matter a. Topic: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes b. References: b.1. Department of Education. 2002. Operations Handbook in Biology: 2002 Basic Education Curriculum Secondary Level. II. 1. 1.4. b.2. Department of EducationRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Theory Of Endosymbiosis And It s Supporting Evidence1641 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The endosymbiotic theory is an evolutionary theory explaining the origin of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic, and is at present; the most widely accepted evolutionary theory of the Eukaryotic cell. The theory explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts and their double membranes, suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria represent formerly free-living bacteria that were taken into a cell as an endosymbiont. Molecular evidence suggests that mitochondria developed from proteobacteriaRead MoreBiology : Cell Structure And Function1305 Words   |  6 PagesYour Full Name: UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 3: Cell Structure and Function INSTRUCTIONS: †¢ On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 3Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus). †¢ To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answeringRead MoreDna And The Creation And Proper Functioning Of Every Living Organism919 Words   |  4 Pagesprovided for each cell that divides. Each cell’s responsibility is coordinated by the piece of DNA and thus, makes it a very valuable part of the cell and organism. So what are the methods of replicating DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? DNA replication in prokaryotes consists of several enzymes and proteins which are responsible for different tasks, but together make the process seem effortless. DNA replication in eukaryotes is similar, but more complicated given that eukaryotic chromosomes areRead MoreDifferences Between Eukaryotes And Eukaryotes850 Words   |  4 PagesAll living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic buildin g blocks for all units of life and can be characterised into two distinct types: Eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the oldest and most primitive forms of life and can be distinguished from eukaryotes as they lack a distinct nucleus. Prokaryotes can be further classified into two domains: bacteria and archaea. Together, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes make up what is known as ‘The three domains of life† which divides allRead MoreReproduction, Symbiosis, And Eukaryotic Cell Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesMartyrs Ferrahian High School Reproduction, Symbiosis, and the Eukaryotic Cell Research Paper Aram Kazorian AP Biology Mrs. Lee 18 October, 2016 The research that was conducted had the specific purpose of addressing questions on topics of individuality, reproduction, symbiotic relationships, all based around the idea of endosymbionts and the endosymbiotic theory with the eukaryotic cell. Symbiosis are the relationships between organisms that can either harm or benefit themselves. And the

Managing Across Culture - 1434 Words

Managing across culture Introduction Globalization makes the world become to be a big family. More and more international company appears in the social. While in the same times, people from different countries or different culture start to work together. How to make the staffs from different culture to work together become a core problem facing by the company. By facing the conflict and difference between different culture, to find out a way to effectively manage across culture become more helpful to the company. According to Hofstede (1980), he point out in Economic Integration, all the company around the world is to find out the way how to meet the need of the market and satisfied their customers. To have the effective strategies, we†¦show more content†¦In the individualistic societies, people are more emphasis their own achievement and initiative. (John, 1980). On the contrast, people form collectivist countries are rely on information provide by others. People are belonging to the group. Group benefits are more important than their own needs. They have their own responsibility to their organization. Japan is a typical collectivism country, while America represents an individualist country. According to the differences in these two cultures, in the organization, managers have to use different management strategies to effectively manage the term. In the collectivist countries, the managers are encouraging the employees taking part in decision making. So it needs longer time to make a decision, but for the decision implement, it takes shorter time, because every member involved in the decision making, they can clearly know the aim and the context of the task.. So the manager should more positively, more frequencely, more widely, and more deeply interact with the group members, in this way, group interacting influence, teamwork and favoritism will be stronger than in IND culture. But in the individualismShow MoreRelatedmanaging across cultures1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe territoriality principle holds that governments have the right to rule themselves as they see fit. True False The elimination of discrimination with respect to employment and occupation is a principle of the Global Compact which applies to: A. Human rights B. Labor C. Environment D. Anticorruption Question 3 of 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (worth 0.4 points) Which of the following statements is not true of Hungarys economic reform measures? A. Hungary had a head start on the other former communist-bloc countriesRead MoreManaging Across Borders and Cultures650 Words   |  3 Pagesfight for these rights for the members. Therefore, trade unions in merging nations are continuing to be famous due to the benefits they have on the employees who join them. References Deresky, H. (2011). International management: Managing across borders and cultures (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sepehri,M.(2011).Developing a Global Management CadreRead MoreManaging Across Cultures Essay1866 Words   |  8 Pageso o io o o lo o o O 1o lo lo o o Managing Across Cultures in a Big Four Consulting Firm Dr Peter Massingham School of Management and Marketing University of Wollongong Email: peter-massingham@uow.edu.au Ph: O2 42 213 642 Fax:02 42272785 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o I o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o Managing Across Cultures in a Big Four Con Abstract This case examines howRead MoreManaging Across Borders and Cultures Essay2184 Words   |  9 Pagescultural understanding. Introduction In today’s world, culture is hard to ignore. It affects the way people dress, what they eat, what religion they follow and also the places they go. Culture is essentially a set of shared beliefs, social norms, organizational roles and inherited values (Lee, 2005) that affects everyday life in informal and formal settings. When two different cultures mix, the understanding of the others culture can arguably be seen as respectful and advantageous in a businessRead MoreManaging Across Cultures Summary Chapter 1 Till 93520 Words   |  15 PagesCS2 Chapter one – The Undertow Of Culture Our argument is that culture is the most neglected part of management; culture matters. Converging cultures ï‚ · While everyone starts growing into the same habits, culture is hard to be detected. In large cities however people with different cultures get together (NYC). ï‚ · Management is not just a set of principles and techniques than can be universally applied. It is different in every country and culture depending on its habits. ï‚ · The argument is due to anRead MoreInternational Culture and the Business720 Words   |  3 PagesInternational Culture and the Business Culture Culture refers to the sum of integrated learned behavior traits shared by members of a society ADDIN EN.CITE Hofstede2001449(Hofstede, 2001)4494496Hofstede, G.Cultures Negation-Comparing values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organization Across Nation2001USASage Publication( HYPERLINK l _ENREF_2 o Hofstede, 2001 #449 Hofstede, 2001). In the 19th century Edwad Tylor gave the classical definition of culture as the complex whole including; arts knowledgeRead MoreCross Cultural Relationships1105 Words   |  5 Pagespeople from different cultures and how to interact appropriately with them also increases. Managers and leaders need to develop intercultural competences that can help them be more aware of their own culturally-based perceptions, norms, and patterns of thinking, and consequently adapt their behaviors according to specific cultural contexts. Managing people across cultures  offers solid theoretical frameworks and practical insights to handle the cultural challenges in managing people in a globalizedRead MoreGlobal Team1436 Words   |  6 PagesINDIVIDUAL ESSAY â€Å"What are the characteristics of effective teams? What challenges do managers face in managing global teams? How should those challenges be handled?† 25st of November 2011 Student number: B00600693 Words: 1145 The purpose of this essay is to examine the characteristics of effective teams as well as the challenges faced by managers to lead global teams. It will also analyse how these challenges should be handled. It will provide a definition of an effective and global teamRead MoreThe Role Of A Manager For Any Capacity At A Business904 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance. Managers are in a state of perpetual assessment. Performing these tasks in one country and one culture is challenging enough, but from an ethical point of view, there is a pretty solid line when it comes to areas such as discrimination, customer relations, and employee interactions here in the United States. There are organizational policies in place which are relatively standard across industries, as well as local and federal laws that many of these are based on. The challenge for managersRead MoreBritish Airways Talent Management1104 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ MANAGING CULTURAL CHANGE Talent Management British Airways (BA) was formed in 1974 by the merger of the British Overseas Airways Corp (BOAC) and the British European Airways (BEA). BA’s integration did not come without problems. By the early 1980’s BA generated debs in excess of  £500m, staff discontent and customer dissatisfaction were common denominators across the operational equation and in 1980 the airline topped a list of airlines

Crimes Against Children Free Essays

Crimes Against Children Child abuse has been a major social concern only since the 1950s but adults have victimized children throughout history. Children are the most vulnerable of all groups which is why child abuse victims are of great concern to society. There are different forms of crimes against children, child abuse, physical or sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. We will write a custom essay sample on Crimes Against Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Child abuse is the neglect of or violence against children. From 1998 to 2000, 367,000 children were harmed by their parents. Physical abuse includes intentionally beating, biting, burning, strangling, hitting, kicking or shaking a child. In the 1060s the term â€Å"battered child syndrome† was coined. This is a condition where a child suffers serious physical injury usually inflicted by their parents or caregiver. Sexual abuse of children is particularly offensive and is the least commonly reported form of family violence. Unfortunately child sex abusers are family members and friends or neighbors of the victim. In many cases the child has a trusting relationship with the abuser. Emotional abuse is more subtle and involves power or control to harm the victim’s sense of self. Tactics such as verbal threats, social isolation, intimidation, exploitation, terrorizing a child or exposing him to family violence all serve to diminish a child’s self-worth and can cause impaired psychological growth. Child neglect is the chronic and repetitive failure to provide children with food, clothing, shelter, medical care or protection from harm. It constitutes the largest category of child abuse offenders. Fifty-two percent of all child abuse cases in the Unites States involve neglect. Parental alcoholism, drug problems and other inadequate social and family functions are among the factors affecting the child’s response to victimization. More needs to be learned about the long term consequences of childhood victimization. This article discusses what is known from past studies and also present finding of more recent research. Child maltreatment has physical, psychological, cognitive and behavioral consequences. These include minor injuries to brain damage and even death, low self- esteem, depression, substance abuse and suicide attempt. Cognitive effects include attention problems, learning disorders and poor school performance. Behavior issues range from poor peer relations to physical aggression to violent behavior. Males and females react differently to abuse. Males tend to externalize their feeling and are more likely to develop conduct disorders, while females tend to internalize their feelings leading to depressive disorders. Practices of the community and the justice and social services systems may have long-term effects. Children who are members of racial or ethnic minorities often meet with discrimination. Researches have suggested that victimized children are more likely to develop behavior problems in adolescence and may be labeled juvenile offenders. Abused and neglected children score lower on IQ tests and usually fail to complete school which leads to menial and unskilled jobs. Interpersonal relationships are also affected by child maltreatment. Frequent divorce and separation are more common in abused and neglected people. Childhood abuse also increases the risk of being arrested for violent crime. The psychological and emotional fallout for abused children include suicide attempts, antisocial personality disorder and alcohol abuse or dependency. Abused and neglected children may exhibit aggressiveness and behavior problems in childhood, delinquency in adolescence and antisocial and criminal behavior in adulthood. These children, as adults, may be more prone to become abusive themselves. Recent research indicates that child neglect especially at an early age causes substantial problems. Some forms of early neglect lead to â€Å"severe, chronic and irreversible damage†. There are many mechanisms by which abuse and neglect affect a child but finding a single mechanism that explains all cases of abuse and neglect is highly unlikely. Both the textbook and the journal article agree that childhood abuse causes substantial problems later in life. How to cite Crimes Against Children, Essay examples

Analyzing the impact of Turnover Rates in the Hospitality Industry free essay sample

Employee retention or staff turnover The ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given time period to the average number of workers is the staff turnover or employee turnover. Simple ways to describe it are how long employees tend to stay. If an employer is said to have a high turnover relative to its competitors, it means that employees of that company have a shorter average tenure than those of other companies in the same industry. High turnover can be harmful to a companys productivity if skilled workers are often leaving and the worker population contains a high percentage of novice workers ( Employees leave organizations for many reasons. While some depart involuntarily as a result of dismissal, redundancy or forced retirement; the vast majority resign of their own volition – some to take up new jobs, other to take a permanent or temporary break from participation in the workforce, some to start new business of their own and some find new opportunities or prospects in other companies (Taylor, 1998). Effective employee retention is a systematic effort by employers to create and foster an environment that encourages current employees to remain employed by having policies and practices in place that address their diverse needs. Also of concern are the costs of employee turnover (including hiring costs, training costs, productivity loss). 1. 1. 2 Hospitality Industry Go, Monachello and Baum (1996) state that shifting travel markets, world-class competition, and escalating operating costs are forcing hospitality and tourism organizations to pay more attention than ever before to the needs and desires of their customers. This means that companies are having to find ways to become more responsive and create greater value for their customers. Despite the important role employees play in the success of service organizations, human resource management has traditionally been a week link in the hospitality and tourism industry. In hospitality industry, staff turnover is generally acknowledged to be high, especially in comparison with other industries. An HCITB report in 1984 suggested that staff turnover in the hotel and catering industry was possibly higher than in any other industry (Mullins, 1998). Much of the turnover is movement within the industry. Staff turnover is highest in the first few months of employment. Such turnover – the ‘induction crisis’ – is particularly disruptive and costly (Mullins, 1998). Employees are important in any running of a business; without them the business would be unsuccessful. However, more and more employers today are finding that employees remain for approximately 23 to 24 months, according to the 2006 Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Employment Policy Foundation states it costs a company an averageof $15,000peremployee, including separation costs,paperwork, unemployment; vacancy costs, including overtime or temporary employees and replacement costs including advertisement, interview time, relocation, training and decreased productivity when colleagues depart. Providing a stimulating workplace environment in which fosters happy, motivated and empowered individuals, lowers employee turnover and absentee rates (Taylor, 1998). Research questions aims Questions a) Why employee retention is highest in hospitality industry? b) How employee turnover can be reduced? Aims To understand employee retention, and employee turnover its causes. To discuss the importance of recruitment and selection in hospitality industry. To study the impact of staff turnover in hospitality industry. An attempt to find solutions and provide recommendations for the problem. Following data collection methods will be employed for the investigation of the research strategy: A literature review: A detailed review of academic literature, reference books, journal articles, review of secondary literature from the library and a review of material available via the Internet and University Intranet. This will be used to understand the people management, recruitment and retention in detail. The various theories of motivation and human resource management will help to formulate questions for semi structured interviews. Many psychological and management theories exist regarding the types of job content which is intrinsically satisfying to employees and which, in turn, should minimize external voluntary turnover. Examples include Hertzbergs Two factor theory, McClellands Theory of Needs, and Hackman Oldhams Job Characteristics Model. Semi-structured interviews will be undertaken. The purpose of these interviews is to investigate the impact of employee retention on the company. This will provide valuable qualitative data for use in dissertation. The semi- structured interviews will also provide an opportunity to probe answers and encourage the interviewee to elaborate or build on relevant points as well as commenting on points of relevance not previously considered. The people identified to be interviewed include, the human resource manager and a few employees who left their hotel jobs. Classic HR theories: A theory or theories related to the research will be considered, which will help in understanding the employee turnover issue. It can also help in understanding employee retention and how to improve it. Also theory (or theories) can help in finding various solutions for the research issue. Case study: Case study will help in understanding the reality of the research. Considering a hotel, will give broader knowledge of working of Human Resource department and its dealing. This will help to understand employee’s feelings and expectations from their job and will also help to know the reasons for leaving one particular job. Chapter-2 Literature review 2. 1 Understanding staff turnover and retention The ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given time period to the average number of workers is the staff turnover or employee turnover (Taylor, 2008). It is gaining or losing employees at a particular rate measured. It is measured for individual companies and for their industry as a whole. If an employer is said to have a high employee turnover relative to its competitors, it means that employees of that company have a shorter average tenure than those of other companies in the same industry. Employee turnover is not good for the organizations. High rate of turnover may lead to decrease in productivity, service delivery and spread of organization’s information or knowledge (naukrihub. com, 2010). There could be many reasons for employee turnover, while some depart involuntarily as a result of dismissal, redundancy or forced retirement, the vast majority resign of their own volition – some to take up new jobs, others to take a permanent or temporary break from participation in the workforce, some to start new businesses of their own (Taylor, 1998). As per Taylor (1998) there are two types of employee turnover – voluntary and involuntary turnover. Taylor broadly defines that voluntary release or turnover includes all resignations not formally initiated by the employer. On the other hand involuntary release could be initiated by the employer. Taylor argues that voluntary release are avoidable and controllable which includes employees who quit primarily because of dissatisfaction with some aspect of their job or the organization whereas involuntary are unavoidable that would have occurred anyway and uncontrollable reasons make that happen such as resignation by an employee because of ill health, relocation of spouses, etc. Few reasons of voluntary release may be. Compensation package differences Job and employee skill mismatch: the job may be less or more challenging according to the employee Inferior facilities, tools, etc. Less recognition Less or no appreciation for work done Less growth opportunities Poor training Poor supervision Less work and life balance practices As cited by Taylor, since the late 1990s, the overall national figure reported by the CIPD and CBI surveys has been between 15 and 20 percent, which is quite high by historical standards reflecting strong economic conditions and the presence of tight labour markets. By contrast, in the early 1990s recessionary conditions led to national turnover rates of only 10 percent. The more opportunity people have to move employers, the more likely they are to do so. As per Taylor many believe high turnover results in skills shortages and according to this theory, skills shortages constrain productivity, which leads to lower output and higher unemployment. Thus, changes in the labour market create ups and downs of the economic cycle.   Impact on organizations Prior research has offered mixed conclusions based on both theoretical and empirical analysis and according to previous research that turnover has negative effects on operating performance due to disruption of existing routines. Others have suggested that firms may benefit from the innovative thinking or increased motivation that new workers bring to the job (scribd. com, 2010). There is no set level of employee turnover that determines at what point turnover starts to have a negative impact on an organization’s performance. Everything depends on the type of labour markets in which you compete. Where it is relatively easy to find and train new employees quickly and at relatively little cost (that is where the labour market is loose), it is possible to sustain high quality levels of service provision despite having a high turnover rate (cipd. co. uk, 2010). By contrast, where skills are relatively scarce, where recruitment is costly or where it takes several weeks to fill a vacancy, turnover is likely to be problematic for the organization. This is especially true of situations in which you are losing staff to direct competitors or where customers have developed relationships with individual employees. Taylor (1998) argues that some writers have emphasized the potentially positive effects of a continuous transfusion of fresh blood into the organization. This means some employee turnover positively benefits organizations. This happens when a poor performer is replaced by a more productive employee, and can happen when a senior retirement allows the promotion or acquisition of welcome fresh blood. A functional turnover (that is, beneficial) serves to promote innovative ideas and methods and can thus renew a stagnating organization. Moderate levels of staff turnover can also help to reduce staff costs in organizations where business levels are unpredictable month on month. When business is slack it is straightforward to hold off filling recently created vacancies for some weeks (cipd. co. uk, 2010). Resignation from a valuable employee could be more damaging when they move on to work for competitors. As cited by Taylor (1998), aside from the costs directly associated with the resignation, there are further good reasons for employers to minimize the numbers of employees leaving. These include productivity losses, impaired quality of service, lost business opportunities, an increased administrative burden and employee demoralization. Thus, it is safe to conclude that, for most organizations, turnover in excess of 5-10 percent has more negative than positive consequences. Employee retention is a process in which the employees are encouraged to remain with the organization for the maximum period of time or until the completion of the project. Employee retention is beneficial for the organization as well as the employee. Employees today are different. They have got good opportunities in hand because of the wide market. As soon as they feel dissatisfied with the current employer or the job, they switch over to the next job (Taylor, 1998). It is the responsibility of the employer to retain their best employees. If they don’t, they would be left with no good employees. A good employer should know how to attract and retain its employees. It’s not only the cost incurred by a company that emphasizes the need of retaining employees but also the need to retain talented employees from getting poached. The process of employee retention will benefit an organization in the following ways (nuakrihub. com, 2010): The cost of turnover: The cost of employee turnover adds a lot of money to a company’s expenses. While it is difficult to fully calculate the cost of turnover (including hiring costs, training costs and productivity loss), industry experts often quote 25% of the average employee salary as a conservative estimate. Loss of company knowledge: When an employee leaves, he takes with him valuable information about the company, customers, current projects and past history (sometimes to competitors). Much time and money spent on the employee is expected to be returned in future. When the employee leaves, the investment is not realized. Effects on customer service: Customers and clients do business with a company in part because of the people. Relationships are developed that encourage continued sponsorship of the business. When an employee leaves, the relationships that employee built for the company are severed, which could lead to potential customer loss. Turnover leads to more turnovers: When an employee leaves, the effect is felt throughout the organization. Co-workers are often required to pick up the slack. The unspoken negativity often intensifies for the remaining staff. Goodwill of the company: The goodwill of a company is maintained when the attrition rates are low. Higher retention rates motivate potential employees to join the organization. Regaining efficiency: If an employee resigns, then good amount of time is lost in hiring a new employee and then training him/her and this goes to the loss of the company directly which many times goes unnoticed. And even after this a company can not expect same efficiency from the new employee. Improving employee retention The first two steps to take when developing an employee retention strategy are to find out: †¢why employees in hard to recruit groups are leaving? †¢what employee turnover among these groups is costing an organization? Data from exit interviews can be used to develop a costed retention strategy that focuses on particular causes of turnover in a particular organization. Following are the elements which play a positive role in improving retention (cipd. co. uk, 2010): Job previews: A realistic job preview should be given to the prospective employees at the recruitment stage. One should not raise employee’s expectations so that it effects later. Advances in technology present employers with increasing opportunities to familiarize potential candidates with the organization before they accept a position. Line managers accountable: Line managers should be made accountable for staff turnover in their teams. Reward managers with a good record for keeping people by including the subject in appraisals. Line managers should be trained in people management and development skills before being appointed or promoted. Re-training opportunities should be offered to existing managers who have a high level of turnover in their team. Career development and progression: Organizations should try to maximize opportunities for individual employees to develop their skills and move on in their careers. Where promotions are not feasible, a company can look for sideways moves that vary experience and can make the work more interesting. Consult employees: Employees should be given enough chance to ‘voice’ through consultative bodies, regular appraisals, attitude surveys and grievance systems. This will provide dissatisfied employees with a number of mechanisms to sort out problems before resigning. Where there is no opportunity to voice dissatisfaction, resigning is the only option. Be flexible: Wherever possible an employee’s working hours preferences should be taken care of. Where people are forced to work hours that do not suit their domestic responsibilities they will invariably be looking for another job which can offer such hours. Avoid the development of a culture of ‘presenteeism’: Where people feel obliged to work longer hours than are necessary simply to impress management. Evaluation of individual commitment should be based on results achieved and not on hours put in. Job security: Organizations should provide as much job security as possible. Employees who are made to feel that their jobs are precarious may put a great deal of effort in to impress, but they are also likely to be looking for more secure employment at the same time. Security and stability are greatly valued by most employees. Treat people fairly: Discrimination against employees should be avoided. A perception of unfairness, whatever the reality when seen from a management point of view, is a major cause of voluntary resignations. While the overall level of pay is unlikely to play a major role unless it is way below the market rate, perceived unfairness in the distribution of rewards is very likely to lead to resignations. Defend your organization: Organizations should defend themselves against penetration by headhunters and others seeking to poach your staff. Keep internal e-mail addresses confidential, refuse to do business with agents who have poached your staff, and enter into pacts with other employers not to poach one anothers staff. As per Mullins (1998) hospitality as a collective term, may be interpreted in a number of ways. According to an HCTC Report it ‘includes hotels, restaurants, pubs, clubs, cafes, guest houses, contract catering, public sector, industrial, hospital, education and leisure catering’. Mullins states the hospitality industry may also be divided into two major sectors: commercial, and industrial and public services. Commercial include accommodation, meals, licensed trade, and tourism and travel. Industrial and public services include industrial sector, public sector, and hospitals and residential homes. Hospitality industry is a broad category of service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line and additional fields within the tourism industry. It is a wide range of organizations offering food and beverage service and accommodation. Go, Monachello and Baum (1996) state that shifting travel markets, world-class competition, and escalating operating costs are forcing hospitality and tourism organizations to pay more attention than ever before to the needs and desires of their customers. This means that companies are having to find ways to become more responsive and create greater value for their customers. In other words, they are having to devise systems to facilitate the delivery of improved customer service. The quality of an organization’s service delivery hinges in part upon its people. Despite the important role employees play in the success of service organizations, human resource management has traditionally been a week link in the hospitality and tourism industry. In hospitality industry staff turnover is generally acknowledged to be high, especially in comparison with other industries. A HCITB report in 1984 suggested that staff turnover in the hotel and catering industry was possibly higher than in any other industry (Mullins, 1998). Much of the turnover is movement within the industry. Staff turnover is highest in the first few months of employment. Such turnover – the ‘induction crisis’ – is particularly disruptive and costly (Mullins, 1998). Mullins (1998) says that although the HCTC (Hotel and Catering Company) report of 1994 reported labour turnover as much reduced from the 1984 report, the average turnover for all sectors was still too high at 26. 8%. Turnover continued to remain higher in the commercial sector (almost double) compared with the catering services sector. Higher than average turnover was found in restaurants (35%), public houses and clubs (34%) and hotels (33%). Turnover was highest among operative staffs and lowest among managers. However Taylor (2008) comments, a number of surveys are undertaken each year in the United Kingdom to establish overall turnover rates. The largest are those carried out by the CIPD and the CBI, but many others are organised by consultancies and employers’ organizations and focus on specific industries. All the surveys reveal considerable fluctuations in turnover rates overtime, in different regions and between different industries. Survey carried out by CIPD give a general indication of substantial variation between industries, particularly when it is considered that the same industries (catering, retailing and call centres) top the table in most years. Taylor’s statement and the table clearly states that hotels and catering industry suffers from highest turnover as compared to any other industry.   With a large number of new properties on anvil and lucrative opportunities in other service segments, the churn at senior levels is happening. To cope, hotel chains are putting retention programmes in place and in turn poaching from other industries like financial services. Recently, Rajesh Punjabi, an investment banker, chucked his eight-year-old stint with Ambit Corporate Finance to join The Hilton as director development for India. The reason for the shift? The excitement of working in a new business segment. Another segment that is seeing movement within the hotel industry is operations. Rajiv Kaul, a veteran in the hotel industry, moved from being area director at the Taj group in Mumbai. Kaul jumped over to rival Hotel Leela venture as senior vice-president, operations. The industry is responding to the attrition issue. At the entry and mid-management level, attrition rates have doubled over the last three years. Sources say the industry is shaking off the perception of being a poor pay master with little concern for employee welfare. However another article by ‘Express Hospitality’ (India, 2007) states that the attrition rate in the hospitality industry is set to double to nearly 50 per cent by 2010, up from the earlier 25 per cent, thanks to rapid expansion, reveals a study conducted by Associated Chambers of Commerce Industry of India (ASSOCHAM). The study also predicts that due to further expansion in the hospitality sector in the Middle East and Europe, there will be a huge demand for trained and skilled personnel in large numbers, in next three years. An article by Menafn. com (UAE, 2008) about ‘Middle East hotel industry faces high attrition rates’ states Employee recruitment and retention are one of the major issues facing the middle east hotel industry with only 10% of staff expected to look for career opportunities within their current property, says a report by Catererglobal. The report, which will be launched at Arabian Travel Market 2008, the Middle East’s premier travel and tourism event, surveyed over 3,000 hospitality professionals from across the region. When asked what employees next career move would be, an additional 10% said they would consider a move within the hotel group they currently for. According to the report’s authors, this high attrition rate implies that retention is an area that regional hotels need to dedicate more attention to if they are to continue to operate successfully. A report by Audit Commission (2002), states the UK labour market is currently highly competitive with unemployment at a historically low level. This means that all employers have to compete harder to attract and retain staff. Within this context, there are widespread reports of recruitment and retention problems. Hence, it can be said that every part of the world is facing high attrition rate in hospitality industry. Employees are important in any running of a business; without them the business would be unsuccessful. However, more and more employers today are finding that employees remain for approximately 23 to 24 months, according to the 2006 Bureau of Labour Statistics. The Employment Policy Foundation states it costs a company an average of $15,000 per employee, including separation costs, paperwork,unemployment;vacancycosts,includingovertimeortemporary employees and replacement costs including advertisement, interview time, relocation, training and decreased productivity when colleagues depart. Providing a stimulating workplaceenvironmentinwhichfosters happy,motivatedandempowered individuals, which lowers employee turnover and absentee rates. Promoting a work environment that fosters personal and professional growth promotes harmony and encouragement on all levels, so the effects are felt company wide (Taylor, 2008). As cited in Rediff India Abroad, according to Rabinder Singh Bedi, president, Hotel Restaurant Association (Western India), the attrition rate of the hotel industry is as high as 35-40 per cent. Bedi says â€Å"The industry needs to tackle the high attrition rate. We are losing most of our staff to the IT ITeS sector, airlines, cruise liners and even hotels in Dubai and Europe at times. Surprisingly, it is happening at all the levels and not just at the top level. † 2. 2. 1 Causes of employee turnover As per an article in academon. com, most people believe those in the hospitality industry work long hours, earn a low income and have very little chance for advancement in their career. The industry actually offers a wide selection of jobs with flexible hours. Hotels and restaurants are attempting to change their image by showing prospective employees the many benefits now being offered, which include training programs and the chance for advancement within the company. However, another article cites, It is predicted that under different economic cycles, different HRM practices have differential impact on employee turnover. Typically, in an economic recession, employees are less willing to quit their jobs because there a fewer employment options available. Therefore, everything else being equal, those who do quit during an economic recession may have to be more dissatisfied with certain HRM practices compared to those who quit during an economic boom. Employees leave for a variety of reasons, including poor supervision, unchallenging positions, limited advancement opportunities, lack of  recognition, limited control over work, perceived pay inequity, and the perception of more favorable opportunities in other companies. High employee turnover is one of the greatest causes of declining productivity. 2. 2. 2 Impact on hospitality industry An organization is as good as its people, and nobody can deny the fact that manpower is the greatest asset of a company. Moreover high attrition rates incur major costs to the company including recruiting expenses,training expenses, unemployment insurance and guest service of a quality less than one has been striving for (Mullins, 1998). Although the impact of employee turnover is same on hospitality industries as in other organizations but being a service industry it faces more problems then the one’s mentioned above. As per an article (articlebase. com, 2007), Employee turnover figure in the hospitality industry is a whopping 50%, enough to make employers lose sleep over the tangible and intangible costs of employee turnover. Turnover has an immediate effect, particularly in customer service-dependent areas of the business. A vacant position means more work for the remaining employees, without making a compromise on the customer service front. Little wonder then, that hospitality companies with low turnover rates report higher customer satisfaction and higher profits. As cited by Go, Monachello and Baum (1996), service in the hospitality and tourism industry involves an interpersonal transaction that takes place between a customer and a complex human delivery system. It is the interaction between the frontline employee and the customer, known as the â€Å"service encounter† or the â€Å"moment of truth,† that has the most direct impact on the customer’s level of satisfaction and overall perception of the organization. However, all employees play a role in the service delivery process. To ensure consistently high service, it is important that these human resources be well-managed and that their talents be fully utilized. 2. 2. 3 Improving Employee Retention in Hospitality Industry In hospitality industry, an organization or hotel should consider following points when planning for employee retention (articlebase. com, 2007): Respect: Any relationship blooms under the swathe of respect. It is, therefore, important for the employers to honour cultures, languages, traditions, and age of their employees. Transparent policies and procedures: After induction, employees need to be educated about the policies and working procedures of the hotel. Keeping them transparent, fair and consistent will help employees see the hotel in good light. Recognition of performance: Compensation in terms of bonuses, rewards, peer recognition etc. is necessary as a recognition strategy. Innovative performance based perks such as an insurance cover and time off can also be included in these. Training programs: Development initiatives and training programs should be made a part of the job. Repeated training is a good way to ingrain particular concepts into employees’ minds. Such initiatives help employees hone their skills at the same time allowing the hotel to use them as per their requirement. Employees are also glad at the prospect of career development through continuous training. Discuss career paths: Career development is important to everyone. Organizations should advice and help on their employees’ career development, highlighting how their job will cater to their needs. Employees should be made to feel that the employer is interested in investing time and money in them provided they stick to their job. This will help both employer and employee achieve mutual goals. Make yourself approachable: Making employees feel comfortable enough to share their problems with the management always helps. Managers, who take weekly rounds of departments finding out the way employees function and whether anybody has a grievance, make them appear friendly and approachable. Analyze: Finding out the reasons for the turnover rates at the hotel is very important. This can be effectively done through exit interviews of the employees planning to leave. HR department should be trained in doing these and should derive an inference from the answers to such questions which will help to give an insight into the needs of the employees and allows employer to sort out any problem areas. Conduct employee surveys: Giving out questionnaires to be filled in by the working people to gauge what they think about working with the hotel will help in bringing up issues that need immediate attention. Employers should be prepared to address them as this will lead to employee satisfaction. Make working fun: Social groups should be formed within the organization, wherein the staff can mingle. Arranging outings or making a newsletter that carries information about and for the employees that is important to them. Find out if any of the staff members is volunteering for a socially responsible group. If yes, plan a donation for it, or at least make a recognition of his contribution to society by patting him on the back. 2. 3 Importance of Recruitment and Selection in hospitality industry Generally recruiting and selecting people to fill new or existing positions, is a crucial element of human resource activity in all tourism and hospitality organizations, irrespective of size, structure or activity. As cited by Mullins (1998), the human element plays a major part in the overall success of any organization, but especially so in a service industry such as hospitality. Many members of the workforce are in direct contact with the customer and are seen as being involved in achieving the objectives of the organization. The quality of service offered is dependent not only upon the skills but also upon the attitudes of the staff. Both are essential if the demands of the customer are to be met satisfactorily. This places particular importance on the personnel function. As cited by Taylor (2008), the terms ‘recruitment’ and ‘selection’ are often considered together, but they are in fact distinct human resource management activities. While recruitment involves actively soliciting applications from potential employees, selection techniques are used to decide which of the applicants is best suited to fill the vacancy in question. Taylor also argues that recruitment can be characterized as a positive activity that requires employers to sell themselves in the relevant labor markets so as to maximize the pool of well-qualified candidates from which future employees can be chosen. By contrast, selection can be seen as a negative activity, in so far as it involves picking out the best of the bunch and turning down the rest. Chapter-3 Findings Analysis 3. 1 Introduction This chapter will comprise of all the findings from various research strategies chosen like literature review, semi-structured interviews, classic human resource theories and case study. The findings will then be analyzed by comparing them with literature review and classic HR theories which will lead to some conclusion. 3. 2 Findings Analysis of research strategies 3. 2. 1 Findings analysis of classic theories of Human resource 3. 2. 1 a) Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs As per Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied needs which are more important for individual employees. As cited by Marchington and Wilkinson (2008), the theory suggests that people are motivated by a number of factors at work, aiming to satisfy  one particular need before moving on to attempt to satisfy the next in the hierarchy. In this regard, Abraham Maslow, developed a model in which basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self- fulfillment are pursued. It is most often displayed as a pyramid. In this hierarchical model, when a need is mostly satisfied it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its place. Following are the needs of Maslow’s hierarchy (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2008): Physiological needs: Physiological needs are those to sustain life, such as water, air, food, sleep, etc. These are metabolic requirements for survival in human beings. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met (psychology. about. com, 2010). Safety needs: Once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods and shelter from the environment. Social needs: Once the person has met lower level, physiological and safety needs, higher level needs become important, the first of which are social needs. These include needs for belonging, love and affection. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community or religious groups. Esteem needs: Once a person feels a sense of belonging, the need to feel important arises. Esteem needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal esteem needs are those related to self esteem such as self respect and achievement. External esteem needs are those such as social status and recognition. Maslow later refined his model to include a level between esteem needs and self actualization: the need for knowledge and aesthetics. Self-actualization: This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is the quest of reaching one’s full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. They tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, meaning, etc. Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. Limitations of the theory While Maslow’s hierarchy makes sense from an intuitive standpoint, there is little evidence to support its hierarchical aspect. Some reported that there was little evidence for Maslow’s ranking of these needs and even less evidence that these needs are in hierarchical order. For example, some cultures appear to place social needs before any others. 3. 2. 1 b) Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory To better understand employee attitudes and motivation, Frederick Herzberg performed studies to determine which factors in an employee’s work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Herzberg interviewed employees and asked them if what pleased and displeased them about their work. He found the factors causing job satisfaction (presumably motivation) were different from those causing job dissatisfaction (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2008). He developed the motivation- hygiene theory to explain these results. He called the satisfiers ‘motivators’ and the dissatisfiers ‘hygiene factors’. With the term hygiene he meant maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction. According to Herzberg, factors that lead to satisfaction are: achievement, recognition, workitself,responsibility,advancement,growth,etc. Factorsthatleadto dissatisfaction are: company policy, supervision, relationship with boss, work conditions, salary, relationship with peers, etc. Herzberg reasoned that because the factors causing satisfaction are different from those causing dissatisfaction, the feelings cannot be simply treated as opposites of one another. The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather, no satisfaction. Herzberg argued that there are two distinct human needs portrayed. First, there are physiological needs that can be fulfilled by money, such as to purchase food and shelter. Second, there is the psychological need to achieve and grow, and this need is fulfilled by activities that cause one to grow. Limitations of the theory Critics of the Herzberg’s theory argue that the two-factor result is observed because it is natural for people to take credit for satisfaction and to blame dissatisfaction on external factors. Furthermore, job satisfaction does not necessarily imply a high level of motivation or productivity. 3. 2. 1 c) McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. His theories were called ‘Theory X’ and ‘Theory Y’. Both of these theories begin with the premise that management’s role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2008). Theory X assumes that the average person: †¢Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it. †¢Has no ambition, wants no responsibility, and would rather follow than lead. Is self-centered and therefore does not care about organizational goals. †¢Resists change. †¢Is gullible and not particularly intelligent. Essentially, Theory X assumes that people work only for money and security. Under Theory X, management approaches can range from a hard approach to a soft approach. The hard approach relies on coercion, implicit threats, close supervision, and tight controls, essentially an environment of command and control. The soft approach is to be permissive and seek harmony with the hope that in return employees will cooperate when asked to do so. However, neither of these extremes is optimal. The hard approach results in hostility, purposely low-output, and hard-line union demands. The soft approach results in ever-increasing requests for more rewards in exchange for ever-decreasing work output. However, McGregor asserts that neither approach is appropriate because the assumptions of Theory X are not correct. Theory Y makes the following assumptions: †¢Work can be as natural as play and rest. †¢People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as self-fulfillment. †¢Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility. †¢Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. Under these assumptions, there is an opportunity to align personal goals with organizational goals by using the employee’s own quest for fulfilment as the motivator. McGregor stressed that Theory Y management does not imply soft approach. He recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops. Theory Y holds, the firm can do many things to harness the motivational energy of its employees such as decentralization delegation, job enlargement, participative management, performance appraisals, etc (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2008). 3. 2. 2 Findings analysis of semi-structured interviews Due to confidentiality laws, the name of the hotel researched in is kept anonymous. The semi-structured interviews were taken from various people, who included Human Resource manager of the Hotel and various employees who left their respective hotel jobs for some reason. 3. 2. 2. 1 a) Human Resource Manager The human resource manager of the hotel was asked few questions about employee turnover of their hotel. The questions are listed below and the answers after writing all the questions. Following are the framed questions to be asked from the human resource department head: Questionnaire: 1. What is the attrition rate or employee turnover rate of your hotel (percentage)? Which is the department that is most affected by employee turnover in your hotel? 3. What is the minimum time period that an employee has worked for you? 4. What are the various reasons given by the employees for leaving the hotel? 5. What do ‘you’ think are the main reasons for high turnover rates in the hospitality industry? Verbal interaction questions: 6. What is the impact of employee turnover on your hotel? Specify both positive and negative impact. 7. What are the main problematic areas or problems faced by hotel because of employee turnover? 8. What is the approximate cost of replacing an employee? 9. What are the measures taken to improve employee retention? 10. What are your recruitment strategies? a) Findings from question one When asked about the rate of employee turnover of the hotel, the manager answered that though they have not got a proper system to measure employee turnover but as a percentage she said it is about 30 percent. b) Findings from question two When asked about the highly affected department by employee turnover, the manager answered â€Å"it is the food beverage department which includes the chefs and the waiting-on staffs. This means the highest turnover is primarily in the food beverage service department secondarily in the kitchen department. c) Findings from question three When asked about the minimum time period an employee has ever worked for the hotel, the manager answered â€Å"1 year†. It was not strange to know that an employee left after 12 months of joining the hotel. Reason for this could be anything, from better prospects somewhere else to not liking the work. When an employee leaves a job for not liking it, it is mostly because of not being aware of the kind of work. Findings from question four When asked about the various reasons given by employees for leaving their job, the manager answered mainly three particular reasons which were poor induction, poor or no training and poor management of hotel, so it was mainly counted as Job Dissatisfaction. These reasons are mainly for entry level staff. â€Å"Managers fail to give good induction and training to the staff. They don’t give much information to the staff about the product and put them in busy shift in starting and if a guest asks some questions about the hotel, they don’t know and feel stupid about it. Entry level is expected to know a lot more it used to. They feel pressured; hence they need to be ready for the work. â€Å"They need to be trained well before giving them shifts or work†, the manager answered. e) Findings from question five The manager was also asked, what she thinks are the actual reasons for high employee turnover rates in the hospitality industry. The manager answered â€Å"I think its poor induction and training. These days work is harder and we expect a lot more from our staff. We expect the basic knowledge from our staff and they haven’t got it. So, it is important to give them training which we are not giving because one can be a waiter in a 5-star hotel and in a 4-star hotel. These are two different jobs because different organizations have different standards and guests of a 5-star hotel will expect different from a 4-star hotel. So, from day one staff should be trained the standards an organization follows so it does not affect the quality of service a guest expects. We expect our staff do it to our guests but we fail to do to our staff. We should be treating both our internal and external customers well. † f) Findings from question six When asked the impact of employee turnover on the hotel, both positive and negative, she answered, â€Å"positive would be to develop somebody or move internally to a different department. We are trying to develop people so that they move to next management level. We have created a training program to train people for assistant management level to clear all the departments. So, it is positive when somebody better themselves and obviously better within the company. The negative part is when we have to constantly replace staffs which affect our customers because quality of service gets affected. Other staffs will have to cover the work until we get new staffs, which sometimes lead to poor service to customers as we cut on the staff. It is very important to get right member staff and it takes time. We have an intense recruitment process because it is very important to get somebody who wants to work firstly and use their initiative and works not just for money. † g) Findings from question seven When asked about the main problems faced by the hotel because of high employee turnover, the manager answered â€Å"because of the huge skill shortage in the industry it takes time to hire the right employee. It is difficult to find qualified and skilled people. The skill shortage could be because of the nature of the industry like working long hours, working on weekends, etc. Staff should be given the hours they want to work for. High employee turnover also results in high recruitment cost. We have done open days, gone to fresher’s week of universities for hiring skilled people, talk to students for placements, we have gone to schools for work experience because it so difficult to go out and find the right staff. The time spent in hiring a new employee, paper work and training are all included. It also results in, the staff already working will have to do extra hours till the new employee is hired which affects quality of service and this results in low customer satisfaction. † h) Findings from question eight When asked about the approximate cost of replacing an employee, she answered â€Å"for hiring a new employee one has to go through the whole recruitment process. It includes the advertising cost, putting the contract together just for one person, it takes assistance and time. It has to be put into the systems, HR system and payroll system. You have to buy new uniforms for the new staff. The training given to the staff also consumes time and money. It includes a month’s pay for employing somebody. There are interview times included, like first interview, second interview, etc. † i) Findings from question nine When asked about the measures taken to improve employee retention, the manager answered â€Å"we try to offer good benefits in our company to our employees. We provide uniforms, free parking and food which is very important because it costs a lot. We provide incentives to the employees in the form of employee of the month. We ensure that everybody gets tips or gratuities with their salary because all of these things make a difference and helps in employee retention. Training is also a very important part and found one of the main reasons for employee turnover. We ensure that everybody gets training. We try to give various parties to staff in the hotel like Christmas parties and lunches, birthday parties, etc. to show how much we care and we want them to enjoy their time here. We work to sort out bad management though it takes time to deal with bad manager. It does make a difference on employee retention. We listen to our staff and welcome their ideas because employer and employee relation is very important and it helps in retaining employees. † j) Findings from question ten When about the recruitment strategies, the manager answered â€Å"most important is to recruit the right people at the right time. To make sure we hire the right person we do a lot of interviews. We are a little fussy, we take first interview and then second interview and then still if we are not sure we take third interview. We try to make our package look attractive. We make them look the place they are going to work in. Probationary period is for the employee to make sure they have got time to develop. They get time to think if it is the right place to work and if they have got the right job. It also gives us the time to know if it is the right employee for us. We can’t actually say how long a person is going to stay with the company but try to make them stay at least a minimum of 8 months. When you are looking to students you know the turnover is going to be high but it can actually benefit in the peak season like Christmas and when students are good, they work harder they get a lot of hours because many of them want to work lot of hours. We have got casual contracts as well. Casuals have got flexibility and we have also got flexibility, and it works really well with them. So, the strategy is that they enjoy working in the hotel and making sure they get their induction and training. We don’t expect them to get it right at the first time because not all of us can get it right at the first time. We try to conduct exit interviews with all and we have to be smarter with these because exit interviews tell us exactly ‘why’ people are leaving. 3. 2. 2. 1 b) Analysis 30 percent employee turnover is quite high as a percentage. As mentioned earlier, attrition rates are highest in hospitality industry as it is a service industry. The highly affected department by employee turnover in the hotel is Food beverage department which includes both waiting-on staff and kitchen staff. Waiting-on staff has direct contact with customers and kitchen staffs are manufacturers of the product, which is food over here. This means employee turnover is inversely related to customers that is, it directly affects customer service which in turn affects customer satisfaction. The shorter an employee stays the higher the recruitment cost becomes. The organization spends a lot on hiring a new Employee. Employee turnover is high with entry level staff in this hotel and the reasons stated by employees in their exit interviews are poor induction, poor training and poor management. This means employees are not happy with only joining the company but they would also like to know about the company and a lot about their job. They don’t want to be unaware of their surroundings. Also, it was mentioned that they were not happy with the management. It is possible that they are not being heard by their managers and the company is also not taking any action for the same because of which employee turnover is high. The human resource manager herself feels that the employees are not given proper training and induction which is the reason employees feel stupid when they are asked something by the customers and they don’t know the answer, hence they tend to leave. The manager feels that the positive impact of employee turnover on the company is when employees move internally into other department. In a way it is, when an employee develops himself, gets promoted or transferred to other department. The hotel has also created a training programme for its employees so that they develop internally within the hotel. The negative impact is when employees leave the company and other employees have to cover for them because of which customer service gets affected which in turn affects customer satisfaction. Hiring a new employee takes a lot of time. It is difficult to retain employees these days; also there is a huge skill shortage in the industry. Also, replacing an employee is very expensive. As mentioned earlier, the cost of replacing an employee is 25 percent of the average employee salary, which includes advertisement, recruitment, training, uniforms, etc. The hotel is trying to improve employee retention by providing various benefits to their staff like uniforms, free parking, incentives in the form of ‘employee of the month’, various parties and lunches for staff. The company is also giving training to their staff. Management is trying to build a relationship with the employees by listening to them.